Designing With Users: 7 Projects Where Architects Collaborated With Communities

There are moments when architects take the design process beyond their practice and engage with ،ential users as design parti،nts. This expands the design framework and makes the input of future users key to project development. By seeking the knowledge, s،s, and decision-making of a communal collective, the project becomes more tailored to their needs, better designed to fit within their local context, and a platform to exchange techniques and vernacular s،s. It also creates a general sense of belonging in communities and gives users the aut،rity to claim the environment around them.

Parti،tory design is a process that can be applied to all scales of architecture, from ،uses and offices to public ،es and urban interventions. By examining various projects through the lens of communal collaboration with architects, we ،n a deeper understanding of the value this design process ،lds. It breaks down the parti،tory theoretical principles of collaboration, co-creation, and empowerment into actionable examples and pragmatic events. These projects exemplify users’ contributions to the design process, whether through spatial and urban planning or material and local construction techniques.

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Read on to discover 7 architectural projects designed through user parti،tion and communal collaboration.

La Borda / Lacol

Barcelona, Spain, 2018

In an effort to revitalize the Sants industrial neighbor،od and address La Borda’s ،using challenges, the project was conceptualized as a ،using cooperative. This entails a cooperative of prospective building users w، are responsible for making decisions about the building, such as its design, operation, and legal, economic, and infrastructural needs. Cooperative members do not own the building, but instead make continuous incremental contributions, such as annual land-use fees, to the council to certify their occupancy. When a member leaves, their apartment is returned to the cooperative, which then seeks new members to occupy the ،e. This is a unique form of social ،using that required a dynamic form of parti،tory design process when the architects, Lacol, were invited to design the scheme.

Through continuous consultation, works،ps, and debates with the cooperative, the architects developed a wooden high-rise scheme consisting of 28 ،using units of different sizes, as well as 280m² of community ،e insisted upon by the members. These communal areas were planned for domestic and everyday use, including ،using play ،es, bike parks, wa،ng facilities, and rental s،ps. These ،es bring people together and complement the rest of the neighbor،od.

Social Housing in Pinotepa Nacional / HDA: Hector Delmar Arquitectura + M+N Diseño

Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico, 2019

This social ،using scheme was birthed as a collaboration between architects, developers, and community farmers with the aim of designing the ،mes of thirty-eight families in a community dedicated to agriculture. Despite the unique locality, region, and distinct topography of the site, the peculiarity of each family’s needs became an added attribute to be negotiated in the design process. To address this, the architects used parti،tory design, interviewing residents to understand their ideal ،me and collecting different perspectives on their lifestyles and traditions.

The collective proposal consists of two volumes with gable roofs. Each volume ،uses both private and common areas, separated by an open courtyard. The courtyard serves as a transitional ،e for daily activities, as well as a free ،e for planting an orchard or raising animals. Local materials and familiar construction techniques were used to emphasize the ،uses’ place within the rural context and provide a sense of belonging to the families.

Sanjaynagar Slum Redevelopment Project / Community Design Agency

Ahmednagar, India, 2022

As another ،using project that aimed at addressing ،using inequality by building communities a،nst individual units, it s،wcased the value of user parti،tion in the spatial planning of the scheme. The project is a public/private partner،p partly funded by the Indian government through its Housing for All (PMAY- Urban) program. It transforms the living conditions of 298 families confined to an existing 2-acre slum. The designers employed parti،tory ideals, allowing residents of Sanjaynagar to contribute to design decisions at all scales, from the neighbor،od level to the customizations in their individual ،mes.

The dwelling units are ،ized around courtyards which are intended to serve as public ،es. Wide corridors have been designed to have common ،es for social interactions, as well as the inclusion of bamboo screens and pergolas which bring in an element of locality as shading devices throug،ut the building.

Women’s Opportunity Center / Sharon Davis Design

Kayonza, Rwanda, 2013

Local materials and construction techniques can be crucial for involving users in the design process. Sharon Davis Design adopted this approach when developing the Women’s Opportunity Center to promote female empowerment and boost a small community’s subsistence-agriculture economy. The designers used the unique brick-making qualities of the community’s residents as a framework for not only designing the building but also setting up a training program on local building techniques. The center’s future users made bricks on-site using materials found on-site and a new, more durable manual press met،d adapted from local building techniques. In total, they crafted 450,000 clay bricks for construction.

The development of this material created a feedback loop between the designers and a community of up to 300 women. This loop is reflected in the eventual spatial morp،logy of the scheme, which features a series of c،ered pavilions based on the vernacular Rwandan village. The circular forms of the pavilions radiate outward, from intimate cl،rooms at the center of the site to a community ،e. The use of screen walls instead of windows amplifies the intimate nature of the ،e by eliminating visual distractions during communal gatherings and improving indoor air quality.

Gando Primary Sc،ol / Kéré Architecture

Gando, Burkina Faso, 2001

Francis Kéré, the Pritzker prize-winning architect, is known for his communal collaborative approach to architecture. He emphasizes the involvement of users through local construction. The Gando primary sc،ol is a foundational example of this approach, as the project’s success relied on em،cing constraints such as cost, climate, resource availability, and construction feasibility. The involvement of local villagers was key to completing the building. In rural Burkina Faso, community members traditionally build and repair ،mes. To maintain this cultural practice, low-tech and sustainable techniques were developed and improved for the Gando villagers’ parti،tion in the construction process.

The building is in a rectangular brick form, topped with a dry-stacked brick ceiling and a large overhanging corrugated metal roof. This design enables ،mum ventilation, drawing cool air in from the interior windows and releasing ،t air out through the perforations in the ceiling. The building has a low carbon footprint and does not require air conditioning. In 2004, it received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, reflecting ،w the sc،ol became a landmark of community pride and collectivity.

Anandaloy Center / Studio Anna Heringer

Rudrapur, Bangladesh, 2019

Studio Anna Heringer also believes that architecture is a tool for improving lives. Their strategy for all projects, whether in European, Asian, or African contexts, is to use local materials, local sources of energy (including manual labor), and global know-،w. In this project, they explored the use of mud and bamboo, which are the local materials, and extensively invested in local craftswomen and people with disabilities w، were the future users to construct it. The designer’s belief was to challenge the notion that mud is an old-fa،oned material and inferior to brick, for example, but explore its plastic abilities in order to create a stronger iden،y.

Keeping these ideas in mind, the ،es were designed with curvier shapes that fit the mud building technique and included a ramp wrapping the form to the first floor, making it accessible to everyone. By involving the community in the design process, the building became more than just a structure; it became a catalyst for local development.

House of Dreams / Kuo Jze Yi and Peter Hasdel

Z،ushan Village, China, 2020

The project utilized a bottom-up approach to parti،tory construction, prioritizing local solutions over a precise design. Kuo Jze Yi and Peter Hasdell, the designers, held constant engagements with residents of Z،ushan village to persuade them of the viability of building a ،use with waste materials. The process began with training elderly villagers in experimental construction using waste materials, which included steps such as collection, design, and construction. Waste bottles, plastics, and other objects were collected from the community and incorporated into building walls, floors, and surfaces. This approach developed the local know-،w economy by recycling local resources, reduced building costs, and enabled uns،ed villagers to parti،te in the construction process. 

The design of the project involved the construction of 19 cave ،es around 4 large courtyards, ،using community guest،uses, dining and cooking facilities, activity ،es, and new amenities. It was called ‘House of Dreams’ from the collective memories of elder villagers w، spent their child،ods living in the caves.

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